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I remember sharing with you a wave of personal daily work not long ago 、 Study 、 Development 、 Write words 、 In the process of making videos, etc , Some useful and efficient online tools and websites , And put your own Browser favorites bookmarks offline files are exported to you .
A lot of little friends have good feedback from the background , After the bookmark is imported , A lot of tools really work , It mainly saves a lot of time to find resources and organize .
Continue to share today , Recently, I have spent a lot of time in the development process of some commonly used Linux The system command has made a big arrangement , Form a common high frequency Linux Quick check memo . With it , Still afraid Linux Can’t you remember the common operations and commands of the operating system ？
Let’s go straight to the dishes .
notes ： this paper GitHub
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2Coding Included , There’s something in it that I sort out
6 Big programming direction ( Position ) The self-study route of + The knowledge points are sorted out 、
The interview examination site 、
My resume 、
A few hardcore books pdf note , as well as
My life as a programmer .
To turn it off / restart / Cancellation
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
| shutdown -h now | Shut down immediately |
| shutdown -h 10 | 10 Shut down in minutes |
| shutdown -h 11:00 | 11：00 To turn it off |
| shutdown -h +10 | Scheduled time to shut down （10 Minutes later ） |
| shutdown -c | Cancel the specified time shutdown |
| shutdown -r now | restart |
| shutdown -r 10 | 10 Restart in minutes |
| shutdown -r 11:00 | Restart regularly |
| reboot | restart |
| init 6 | restart |
| init 0 | Turn off immediately. |
| telinit 0 | To turn it off |
| poweroff | Turn off immediately. |
| halt | To turn it off |
| sync | buff Data synchronization to disk |
| logout | Log out Shell |
Be careful ： For example, it’s also turned off ,shutdown、poweroff、halt、init 0 What’s the difference ？ If you are interested, you can learn about it by yourself , They are different .
System information and performance view
In fact, the command here is usually used very much , Because once the system or back office service has problems , We often have to go up and check , Including a lot of system information , such as ： System version 、 Kernel version 、 Processor architecture 、 Computer name 、 environment variable 、 User information 、 Load condition 、 Memory usage 、 Disk information 、 process 、 network connections …
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
| uname -a | View kernel /OS/CPU Information |
| uname -r | View kernel version |
| uname -m | Look at the processor architecture |
| arch | Look at the processor architecture |
| hostname | View computer name |
| who | Show users currently logged in to the system |
| who am i | Displays the user name at the time of login |
| whoami | Show current user name |
| cat /proc/version | see linux Version information |
| cat /proc/cpuinfo | see CPU Information |
| cat /proc/interrupts | View interrupt |
| cat /proc/loadavg | View system load |
| uptime | View system running time 、 The number of users 、 load |
| env | View the system’s environment variables |
| lsusb -tv | Check the system USB Equipment information |
| lspci -tv | Check the system PCI Equipment information |
| lsmod | View the loaded system modules |
| grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | View total memory |
| grep MemFree /proc/meminfo | View the amount of free memory |
| free -m | Check memory usage and swap usage |
| date | Display system date time |
| cal 2021 | Show 2021 Calendar watch |
| top | Dynamic display cpu/ Memory / Progress, etc |
| vmstat 1 20 | Every time 1 The system status is collected every second , Mining 20 Time |
| iostat | see io Reading and writing /cpu usage |
| sar -u 1 10 | Inquire about cpu usage （1 Seconds at a time , common 10 Time ） |
| sar -d 1 10 | Query disk performance |
Disks and partitions
These are some common commands closely related to daily use , stay Windows We click the mouse in the system , You can see it on the graphical interface , But in Linux We should be proficient in using command to view , such as ： View all kinds of partition information 、 Disk usage 、 File and directory sizes 、 Various mount and unload …
| Common commands | effect | |
|---|---|---|
| fdisk -l | View all partitions | |
| swapon -s | View all swap partitions | |
| df -h | Check disk usage and mount point | |
| df -hl | Check the remaining disk space | |
| du -sh /dir | View the specified directory size | |
| `du -sk * | sort -rn` | The file and directory sizes are displayed in descending order |
| mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 | mount hda2 disc | |
| mount -t ntfs /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usbhd1 | Specifies the file system type mount （ Such as ntfs） | |
| mount -o loop xxx.iso /mnt/cdrom | mount iso file | |
| mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk | mount usb disc / Flash devices | |
| umount -v /dev/sda1 | Uninstall by device name | |
| umount -v /mnt/mymnt | Unload through mount point | |
| fuser -km /mnt/hda1 | Force uninstall ( Use with caution ) |
Users and user groups
Linux User groups and users themselves are also very important concepts in the system , This part of the order is mainly about ： User CRUD、 User groups CURD、 And then it includes checking users 、 Switching users 、 Change password 、 Check the user login log …
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
| useradd codesheep | Create user |
| userdel -r codesheep | Delete user |
| usermod -g group_name user_name | Modify user’s group |
| usermod -aG group_name user_name | Add users to groups |
| usermod -s /bin/ksh -d /home/codepig –g dev codesheep | Modify the user codesheep The login Shell、 Home directory and user groups |
| groups test | see test User’s group |
| groupadd group_name | Create user group |
| groupdel group_name | Delete user group |
| groupmod -n new_name old_name | Rename user groups |
| su – user_name | Switch completely to a user environment |
| passwd | Modify password |
| passwd codesheep | Change a user’s password |
| w | view active user |
| id codesheep | View specified user information |
| last | View user login log |
| crontab -l | View scheduled tasks for the current user |
| cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd | View all users of the system |
| cut -d: -f1 /etc/group | View all groups in the system |
Network and process management
We develop as a back end , These commands are usually used with great probability , such as ： Check out the Internet 、 View connections 、 View port services 、 Configure network card / A firewall / Routing table /DNS, View and filter processes , Acquisition system status , There are also some system performance monitoring and troubleshooting commands … wait . These orders , It’s very useful when the back-end development is connected to the company’s server for troubleshooting , It’s also used very often .
| Common commands | effect | |
|---|---|---|
| ifconfig | View network interface properties | |
| ifconfig eth0 | View the configuration of a network card | |
| route -n | View routing table | |
| netstat -lntp | View all listening ports | |
| netstat -antp | View all established connections | |
| netstat -lutp | see TCP/UDP Status information | |
| ifup eth0 | Enable eth0 Network devices | |
| ifdown eth0 | Ban eth0 Network devices | |
| iptables -L | View firewall settings | |
| ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 | To configure ip Address | |
| dhclient eth0 | With dhcp Mode enable eth0 | |
| route add -net 0/0 gw Gateway_IP | Configure the default gateway | |
| route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 | Configure static routing to reach the network ‘192.168.0.0/16’ | |
| route del 0/0 gw Gateway_IP | Delete static route | |
| hostname | View host name | |
| host www.codesheep.cn | Resolve host name | |
| nslookup www.codesheep.cn | Inquire about DNS Record , Check whether domain name resolution is normal | |
| ps -ef | View all processes | |
| `ps -ef | grep codesheep` | Filter out the processes you need |
| kill -s name | kill Process with specified name | |
| kill -s pid | kill Appoint pid The process of | |
| top | Real time display of process status | |
| vmstat 1 20 | Every time 1 The system status is collected every second , Mining 20 Time | |
| iostat | see io Reading and writing /cpu usage | |
| sar -u 1 10 | Inquire about cpu usage （1 Seconds at a time , common 10 Time ） | |
| sar -d 1 10 | Query disk performance |
Common system service commands
This kind of command is often used , For example, we often use it when we install and deploy various basic programming environments and services , For example, pretend to be JDK、MySQL database 、redis cache 、nginx The server …
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
chkconfig --list |
List system services |
| service < service name > status | Check out a service |
| service < service name > start | Start a service |
| service < service name > stop | Terminate a service |
| service < service name > restart | Restart a service |
| systemctl status < service name > | Check out a service |
| systemctl start < service name > | Start a service |
| systemctl stop < service name > | Terminate a service |
| systemctl restart < service name > | Restart a service |
| systemctl enable < service name > | Turn on self starting |
| systemctl disable < service name > | Turn off auto start |
File and directory operations
All these orders are Linux The basic operation of the system , It’s also the most frequently used commands , About file operation 、 About directory operations 、 About the path . such as ： High frequency operations on files and directories , establish 、 see 、 lookup 、 Delete 、 rename 、 Copy 、 Soft connection 、 Quickly locate and find … wait . They’re all high-frequency practical commands .
| Common commands | effect | |
|---|---|---|
| cd < Directory name > | Enter a directory | |
| cd .. | Go back to the superior directory | |
| cd ../.. | Go back to the upper two levels | |
| cd | Enter personal home directory | |
| cd – | Go back to the previous Directory | |
| pwd | Show current path | |
| ls | Look at the list of file directories | |
| ls -F | Look at the contents of the catalog （ Shows whether it’s a file or a directory ） | |
| ls -l | View a detailed list of files and directories | |
| ls -a | View hidden files | |
| ls -lh | Display permission | |
| ls -lSr | more | View files by size / Catalog |
| tree | Look at the tree structure of files and directories | |
| mkdir < Directory name > | Create directory | |
| mkdir dir1 dir2 | Create two directories at the same time | |
| mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 | Create a tree | |
| rm -f file1 | Delete ‘file1’ file | |
| rmdir dir1 | Delete ‘dir1’ Catalog | |
| rm -rf dir1 | Delete ‘dir1’ The catalog and its contents | |
| rm -rf dir1 dir2 | Delete both directories and their contents at the same time | |
| mv old_dir new_dir | rename / Mobile directory | |
| cp file1 file2 | Copy file | |
| cp dir/* . | Copy all files in a directory to the current directory | |
| cp -a dir1 dir2 | duplicate catalog | |
| cp -a /tmp/dir1 . | Copy a directory to the current directory | |
| ln -s file1 link1 | Create a pointing file / Soft links to directories | |
| ln file1 lnk1 | Create a pointing file / Physical links to directories | |
| find / -name file1 | Start with the directory and search for files / Catalog | |
| find / -user user1 | Search users user1 The file of / Catalog | |
| find /dir -name *.bin | In the catalog /dir China search has .bin Postfix file | |
| locate key word | Quick location of files | |
| locate *.mp4 | seek .mp4 Final document | |
| whereis halt | Display a binary file / Path to executable file | |
| which halt | Look for binary files in the system directory | |
| chmod ugo+rwx dir1 | Set directory owner (u)、 group (g) And others (o) The reading of （r） Write (w) perform (x) jurisdiction | |
| chmod go-rwx dir1 | Remove group (g) And others (o) Read and write permission to the directory | |
| chown user1 file1 | Change the owner property of the file | |
| chown -R user1 dir1 | Change the owner property of the directory | |
| chgrp group1 file1 | Change file group | |
| chown user1:group1 file1 | Change the owner and group of files |
File viewing and processing
This part of the command is mainly about file processing or text processing , For example, we as a programmer , That operation most is the code source file , All kinds of fancy view 、 Compare 、 increase 、 Delete 、 Replace 、 Merge … And so on, a series of quick operations .
| Common commands | effect | |
|---|---|---|
| cat file1 | View file contents | |
| cat -n file1 | Look at the content and mark the number of lines | |
| cat xxx.txt | awk ‘NR%2==1’ | Look at all the odd lines in the file |
| tac file1 | Look back at the contents of the file from the last line | |
| more file1 | View the contents of a long file | |
| less file1 | similar more command , But reverse operation is allowed | |
| head -2 file1 | Look at the first two lines of the file | |
| tail -2 file1 | Look at the last two lines of the file | |
| tail -f /log/msg | See what’s added to the file in real time | |
| grep codesheep hello.txt | In the file hello.txt Search for keywords in codesheep | |
| grep ^sheep hello.txt | In the file hello.txt Find in sheep Content at the beginning | |
| grep [0-9] hello.txt | choice hello.txt All lines in the file that contain numbers | |
| sed ‘s/s1/s2/g’ hello.txt | take hello.txt In the document s1 Replace with s2 | |
| sed ‘/^$/d’ hello.txt | from hello.txt Delete all blank lines in file | |
| sed ‘/ *#/d; /^$/d’ hello.txt | from hello.txt Delete all comments and blank lines in the file | |
| sed -e ‘1d’ hello.txt | From file hello.txt Exclude first line in | |
| sed -n ‘/s1/p’ hello.txt | View contains only keywords “s1” The line of | |
| sed -e ‘s/ *$//’ hello.txt | Delete the last blank character in each line | |
| sed -e ‘s/s1//g’ hello.txt | Remove only words from document s1 And keep the rest | |
| sed -n ‘1,5p;5q’ hello.txt | View from first line to 5 Row content | |
| sed -n ‘5p;5q’ hello.txt | Look at the first 5 That’s ok | |
| paste file1 file2 | Merge the contents of two files or two columns | |
| paste -d ‘+’ file1 file2 | Merge the contents of two files or two columns , Intermediate use “+” distinguish | |
| sort file1 file2 | Sort the contents of two files | |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq | Take out the Union ( Keep only one duplicate line ) |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -u | Delete intersection , Leave the rest of the line |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -d | intersect |
| comm -1 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of the two files ( Remove ‘file1’ What it contains ) | |
| comm -2 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of the two files ( Remove ‘file2’ What it contains ) | |
| comm -3 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of the two files ( Remove the common parts of the two files ) |
Packaging and decompression
This part is mainly about the packing, compression and decompression of files or directories , Several kinds of compressed package formats and files are involved , This part of the command is also used very frequently in ordinary times .
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
| zip xxx.zip file | Compression – zip package |
| zip -r xxx.zip file1 file2 dir1 | Multiple files + The catalogue is pressed into zip package |
| unzip xxx.zip | decompression zip package |
| tar -cvf xxx.tar file | Create uncompressed tar package |
| tar -cvf xxx.tar file1 file2 dir1 | Multiple files + Catalogue type tar package |
| tar -tf xxx.tar | see tar The contents of the package |
| tar -xvf xxx.tar | decompression tar package |
| tar -xvf xxx.tar -C /dir | take tar Extract the package to the specified directory |
| tar -cvfj xxx.tar.bz2 dir | establish bz2 Compressed package |
| tar -jxvf xxx.tar.bz2 | decompression bz2 Compressed package |
| tar -cvfz xxx.tar.gz dir | establish gzip Compressed package |
| tar -zxvf xxx.tar.gz | decompression gzip Compressed package |
| bunzip2 xxx.bz2 | decompression bz2 Compressed package |
| bzip2 filename | Compressed files |
| gunzip xxx.gz | decompression gzip Compressed package |
| gzip filename | Compressed files |
| gzip -9 filename | Maximum compression |
Then there are some common package manager commands . First, what is a package manager , Everyone should know .
Let me put it this way , If there is no package manager , That’s probably just Linux Software installation on the system , I’m afraid many users will be dissuaded , Because a lot of software dependent processing can drive people crazy . So simply put , We can think of package manager as , Used for Linux Software installation on the system 、 uninstall 、 upgrade 、 Query supported components , So for users , It’s a set of tools and commands .
We usually use the most widely, such as , The bag structure of the red hat RPM Package manager , image RedHat、CentOS When the system is in use , The typical command is rpm command 、yum command ; Then is DPKG Package manager , image Debain、Ubuntu And so on , Typical commands like dpkg command 、apt Software tools .
rpm Package management command
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
| rpm -qa | View installed rpm package |
| rpm -q pkg_name | Query a rpm package |
| rpm -q –whatprovides xxx | Show xxx Which package provides the functionality |
| rpm -q –whatrequires xxx | Show xxx Which package does the function depend on |
| rpm -q –changelog xxx | Show xxx Record of package changes |
| rpm -qi pkg_name | See the details of a package |
| rpm -qd pkg_name | Query the documents provided by a package |
| rpm -qc pkg_name | View installed rpm The configuration file provided by the package |
| rpm -ql pkg_name | Check which files are installed in a package |
| rpm -qf filename | Check which package a file belongs to |
| rpm -qR pkg_name | Query package dependencies |
| rpm -ivh xxx.rpm | install rpm package |
| rpm -ivh –test xxx.rpm | Test installation rpm package |
| rpm -ivh –nodeps xxx.rpm | install rpm Ignore dependencies when packaging |
| rpm -e xxx | Uninstall package |
| rpm -Fvh pkg_name | Upgrade to determine the installed rpm package |
| rpm -Uvh pkg_name | upgrade rpm package ( If not, it will be installed ) |
| rpm -V pkg_name | RPM Package details check |
yum Package management command
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
| yum repolist enabled | Show available source repositories |
| yum search pkg_name | Search package |
| yum install pkg_name | Download and install the package |
| yum install –downloadonly pkg_name | Download only and do not install |
| yum list | Show all packages |
| yum list installed | Check the packages installed on the current system |
| yum list updates | See the list of packages that can be updated |
| yum check-update | Check out the upgradeable packages |
| yum update | Update all packages |
| yum update pkg_name | Upgrade the specified package |
| yum deplist pkg_name | List package dependencies |
| yum remove pkg_name | Remove package |
| yum clean all | Clear cache |
| yum clean packages | Clear cached packages |
| yum clean headers | Clear cached header |
dpkg Package management command
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
| dpkg -c xxx.deb | List deb The contents of the package |
| dpkg -i xxx.deb | install / to update deb package |
| dpkg -r pkg_name | remove deb package |
| dpkg -P pkg_name | remove deb package ( Do not keep configuration ) |
| dpkg -l | Check that… Is installed in the system deb package |
| dpkg -l pkg_name | Show general information about the package |
| dpkg -L pkg_name | see deb Package installation files |
| dpkg -s pkg_name | View package details |
| dpkg –unpack xxx.deb | Untie deb The contents of the package |
apt Software tools
| Common commands | effect |
|---|---|
| apt-cache search pkg_name | Search for packages |
| apt-cache show pkg_name | Get an overview of the package |
| apt-get install pkg_name | install / Upgrade package |
| apt-get purge pkg_name | Uninstall software （ Including configuration ） |
| apt-get remove pkg_name | Uninstall software （ Not including configuration ） |
| apt-get update | Update package index information |
| apt-get upgrade | Update installed packages |
| apt-get clean | Clean cache |
Offline documents
In addition to the above , This time, those high-frequency practical Linux The order was given , And made two forms of offline documents , Respectively PDF Format and high definition image format ,PDF It’s easy for the computer to see , High definition pictures are easy to view on your mobile phone , If you have nothing to do, you can take it out and have a look on your mobile phone 、 Have a look .
PDF The document looks like this ：
High definition pictures look like this , There are more than a dozen , It contains hundreds of commands ：
The document GitHub
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2Coding Included .
after remember
Besides, a lot of efforts have been made recently , The programming learning resources for self use are sorted out .
It’s all pure liver , Directory as follows .
This content GitHub
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2Coding Included , There’s something else in it that I sort out
6 Self study route of big programming direction + The knowledge points are sorted out 、
My resume 、
The interview examination site 、
A few hardcore books pdf note , as well as
My life as a programmer , welcome star.
Sorting is not easy to , Welcome to support , See you next time ！
