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I remember sharing with you a wave of personal daily work not long ago 、 Study 、 Development 、 Write words 、 In the process of making videos, etc , Some useful and efficient online tools and websites , And put your own Browser favorites bookmarks offline files are exported to you .
A lot of little friends have good feedback from the background , After the bookmark is imported , A lot of tools really work , It mainly saves a lot of time to find resources and organize .
Continue to share today , Recently, I have spent a lot of time in the development process of some commonly used Linux The system command has made a big arrangement , Form a common high frequency Linux Quick check memo . With it , Still afraid Linux Can’t you remember the common operations and commands of the operating system ?
Let’s go straight to the dishes .
notes : this paper GitHub
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2Coding Included , There’s something in it that I sort out
6 Big programming direction ( Position ) The self-study route of + The knowledge points are sorted out 、
The interview examination site 、
My resume 、
A few hardcore books pdf note , as well as
My life as a programmer .
To turn it off / restart / Cancellation
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
shutdown -h now | Shut down immediately |
shutdown -h 10 | 10 Shut down in minutes |
shutdown -h 11:00 | 11:00 To turn it off |
shutdown -h +10 | Scheduled time to shut down (10 Minutes later ) |
shutdown -c | Cancel the specified time shutdown |
shutdown -r now | restart |
shutdown -r 10 | 10 Restart in minutes |
shutdown -r 11:00 | Restart regularly |
reboot | restart |
init 6 | restart |
init 0 | Turn off immediately. |
telinit 0 | To turn it off |
poweroff | Turn off immediately. |
halt | To turn it off |
sync | buff Data synchronization to disk |
logout | Log out Shell |
Be careful : For example, it’s also turned off ,shutdown、poweroff、halt、init 0 What’s the difference ? If you are interested, you can learn about it by yourself , They are different .
System information and performance view
In fact, the command here is usually used very much , Because once the system or back office service has problems , We often have to go up and check , Including a lot of system information , such as : System version 、 Kernel version 、 Processor architecture 、 Computer name 、 environment variable 、 User information 、 Load condition 、 Memory usage 、 Disk information 、 process 、 network connections …
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
uname -a | View kernel /OS/CPU Information |
uname -r | View kernel version |
uname -m | Look at the processor architecture |
arch | Look at the processor architecture |
hostname | View computer name |
who | Show users currently logged in to the system |
who am i | Displays the user name at the time of login |
whoami | Show current user name |
cat /proc/version | see linux Version information |
cat /proc/cpuinfo | see CPU Information |
cat /proc/interrupts | View interrupt |
cat /proc/loadavg | View system load |
uptime | View system running time 、 The number of users 、 load |
env | View the system’s environment variables |
lsusb -tv | Check the system USB Equipment information |
lspci -tv | Check the system PCI Equipment information |
lsmod | View the loaded system modules |
grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | View total memory |
grep MemFree /proc/meminfo | View the amount of free memory |
free -m | Check memory usage and swap usage |
date | Display system date time |
cal 2021 | Show 2021 Calendar watch |
top | Dynamic display cpu/ Memory / Progress, etc |
vmstat 1 20 | Every time 1 The system status is collected every second , Mining 20 Time |
iostat | see io Reading and writing /cpu usage |
sar -u 1 10 | Inquire about cpu usage (1 Seconds at a time , common 10 Time ) |
sar -d 1 10 | Query disk performance |
Disks and partitions
These are some common commands closely related to daily use , stay Windows We click the mouse in the system , You can see it on the graphical interface , But in Linux We should be proficient in using command to view , such as : View all kinds of partition information 、 Disk usage 、 File and directory sizes 、 Various mount and unload …
Common commands | effect | |
---|---|---|
fdisk -l | View all partitions | |
swapon -s | View all swap partitions | |
df -h | Check disk usage and mount point | |
df -hl | Check the remaining disk space | |
du -sh /dir | View the specified directory size | |
`du -sk * | sort -rn` | The file and directory sizes are displayed in descending order |
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 | mount hda2 disc | |
mount -t ntfs /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usbhd1 | Specifies the file system type mount ( Such as ntfs) | |
mount -o loop xxx.iso /mnt/cdrom | mount iso file | |
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk | mount usb disc / Flash devices | |
umount -v /dev/sda1 | Uninstall by device name | |
umount -v /mnt/mymnt | Unload through mount point | |
fuser -km /mnt/hda1 | Force uninstall ( Use with caution ) |
Users and user groups
Linux User groups and users themselves are also very important concepts in the system , This part of the order is mainly about : User CRUD、 User groups CURD、 And then it includes checking users 、 Switching users 、 Change password 、 Check the user login log …
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
useradd codesheep | Create user |
userdel -r codesheep | Delete user |
usermod -g group_name user_name | Modify user’s group |
usermod -aG group_name user_name | Add users to groups |
usermod -s /bin/ksh -d /home/codepig –g dev codesheep | Modify the user codesheep The login Shell、 Home directory and user groups |
groups test | see test User’s group |
groupadd group_name | Create user group |
groupdel group_name | Delete user group |
groupmod -n new_name old_name | Rename user groups |
su – user_name | Switch completely to a user environment |
passwd | Modify password |
passwd codesheep | Change a user’s password |
w | view active user |
id codesheep | View specified user information |
last | View user login log |
crontab -l | View scheduled tasks for the current user |
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd | View all users of the system |
cut -d: -f1 /etc/group | View all groups in the system |
Network and process management
We develop as a back end , These commands are usually used with great probability , such as : Check out the Internet 、 View connections 、 View port services 、 Configure network card / A firewall / Routing table /DNS, View and filter processes , Acquisition system status , There are also some system performance monitoring and troubleshooting commands … wait . These orders , It’s very useful when the back-end development is connected to the company’s server for troubleshooting , It’s also used very often .
Common commands | effect | |
---|---|---|
ifconfig | View network interface properties | |
ifconfig eth0 | View the configuration of a network card | |
route -n | View routing table | |
netstat -lntp | View all listening ports | |
netstat -antp | View all established connections | |
netstat -lutp | see TCP/UDP Status information | |
ifup eth0 | Enable eth0 Network devices | |
ifdown eth0 | Ban eth0 Network devices | |
iptables -L | View firewall settings | |
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 | To configure ip Address | |
dhclient eth0 | With dhcp Mode enable eth0 | |
route add -net 0/0 gw Gateway_IP | Configure the default gateway | |
route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 | Configure static routing to reach the network ‘192.168.0.0/16’ | |
route del 0/0 gw Gateway_IP | Delete static route | |
hostname | View host name | |
host www.codesheep.cn | Resolve host name | |
nslookup www.codesheep.cn | Inquire about DNS Record , Check whether domain name resolution is normal | |
ps -ef | View all processes | |
`ps -ef | grep codesheep` | Filter out the processes you need |
kill -s name | kill Process with specified name | |
kill -s pid | kill Appoint pid The process of | |
top | Real time display of process status | |
vmstat 1 20 | Every time 1 The system status is collected every second , Mining 20 Time | |
iostat | see io Reading and writing /cpu usage | |
sar -u 1 10 | Inquire about cpu usage (1 Seconds at a time , common 10 Time ) | |
sar -d 1 10 | Query disk performance |
Common system service commands
This kind of command is often used , For example, we often use it when we install and deploy various basic programming environments and services , For example, pretend to be JDK、MySQL database 、redis cache 、nginx The server …
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
chkconfig --list |
List system services |
service < service name > status | Check out a service |
service < service name > start | Start a service |
service < service name > stop | Terminate a service |
service < service name > restart | Restart a service |
systemctl status < service name > | Check out a service |
systemctl start < service name > | Start a service |
systemctl stop < service name > | Terminate a service |
systemctl restart < service name > | Restart a service |
systemctl enable < service name > | Turn on self starting |
systemctl disable < service name > | Turn off auto start |
File and directory operations
All these orders are Linux The basic operation of the system , It’s also the most frequently used commands , About file operation 、 About directory operations 、 About the path . such as : High frequency operations on files and directories , establish 、 see 、 lookup 、 Delete 、 rename 、 Copy 、 Soft connection 、 Quickly locate and find … wait . They’re all high-frequency practical commands .
Common commands | effect | |
---|---|---|
cd < Directory name > | Enter a directory | |
cd .. | Go back to the superior directory | |
cd ../.. | Go back to the upper two levels | |
cd | Enter personal home directory | |
cd – | Go back to the previous Directory | |
pwd | Show current path | |
ls | Look at the list of file directories | |
ls -F | Look at the contents of the catalog ( Shows whether it’s a file or a directory ) | |
ls -l | View a detailed list of files and directories | |
ls -a | View hidden files | |
ls -lh | Display permission | |
ls -lSr | more | View files by size / Catalog |
tree | Look at the tree structure of files and directories | |
mkdir < Directory name > | Create directory | |
mkdir dir1 dir2 | Create two directories at the same time | |
mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 | Create a tree | |
rm -f file1 | Delete ‘file1’ file | |
rmdir dir1 | Delete ‘dir1’ Catalog | |
rm -rf dir1 | Delete ‘dir1’ The catalog and its contents | |
rm -rf dir1 dir2 | Delete both directories and their contents at the same time | |
mv old_dir new_dir | rename / Mobile directory | |
cp file1 file2 | Copy file | |
cp dir/* . | Copy all files in a directory to the current directory | |
cp -a dir1 dir2 | duplicate catalog | |
cp -a /tmp/dir1 . | Copy a directory to the current directory | |
ln -s file1 link1 | Create a pointing file / Soft links to directories | |
ln file1 lnk1 | Create a pointing file / Physical links to directories | |
find / -name file1 | Start with the directory and search for files / Catalog | |
find / -user user1 | Search users user1 The file of / Catalog | |
find /dir -name *.bin | In the catalog /dir China search has .bin Postfix file | |
locate key word | Quick location of files | |
locate *.mp4 | seek .mp4 Final document | |
whereis halt | Display a binary file / Path to executable file | |
which halt | Look for binary files in the system directory | |
chmod ugo+rwx dir1 | Set directory owner (u)、 group (g) And others (o) The reading of (r) Write (w) perform (x) jurisdiction | |
chmod go-rwx dir1 | Remove group (g) And others (o) Read and write permission to the directory | |
chown user1 file1 | Change the owner property of the file | |
chown -R user1 dir1 | Change the owner property of the directory | |
chgrp group1 file1 | Change file group | |
chown user1:group1 file1 | Change the owner and group of files |
File viewing and processing
This part of the command is mainly about file processing or text processing , For example, we as a programmer , That operation most is the code source file , All kinds of fancy view 、 Compare 、 increase 、 Delete 、 Replace 、 Merge … And so on, a series of quick operations .
Common commands | effect | |
---|---|---|
cat file1 | View file contents | |
cat -n file1 | Look at the content and mark the number of lines | |
cat xxx.txt | awk ‘NR%2==1’ | Look at all the odd lines in the file |
tac file1 | Look back at the contents of the file from the last line | |
more file1 | View the contents of a long file | |
less file1 | similar more command , But reverse operation is allowed | |
head -2 file1 | Look at the first two lines of the file | |
tail -2 file1 | Look at the last two lines of the file | |
tail -f /log/msg | See what’s added to the file in real time | |
grep codesheep hello.txt | In the file hello.txt Search for keywords in codesheep | |
grep ^sheep hello.txt | In the file hello.txt Find in sheep Content at the beginning | |
grep [0-9] hello.txt | choice hello.txt All lines in the file that contain numbers | |
sed ‘s/s1/s2/g’ hello.txt | take hello.txt In the document s1 Replace with s2 | |
sed ‘/^$/d’ hello.txt | from hello.txt Delete all blank lines in file | |
sed ‘/ *#/d; /^$/d’ hello.txt | from hello.txt Delete all comments and blank lines in the file | |
sed -e ‘1d’ hello.txt | From file hello.txt Exclude first line in | |
sed -n ‘/s1/p’ hello.txt | View contains only keywords “s1” The line of | |
sed -e ‘s/ *$//’ hello.txt | Delete the last blank character in each line | |
sed -e ‘s/s1//g’ hello.txt | Remove only words from document s1 And keep the rest | |
sed -n ‘1,5p;5q’ hello.txt | View from first line to 5 Row content | |
sed -n ‘5p;5q’ hello.txt | Look at the first 5 That’s ok | |
paste file1 file2 | Merge the contents of two files or two columns | |
paste -d ‘+’ file1 file2 | Merge the contents of two files or two columns , Intermediate use “+” distinguish | |
sort file1 file2 | Sort the contents of two files | |
sort file1 file2 | uniq | Take out the Union ( Keep only one duplicate line ) |
sort file1 file2 | uniq -u | Delete intersection , Leave the rest of the line |
sort file1 file2 | uniq -d | intersect |
comm -1 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of the two files ( Remove ‘file1’ What it contains ) | |
comm -2 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of the two files ( Remove ‘file2’ What it contains ) | |
comm -3 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of the two files ( Remove the common parts of the two files ) |
Packaging and decompression
This part is mainly about the packing, compression and decompression of files or directories , Several kinds of compressed package formats and files are involved , This part of the command is also used very frequently in ordinary times .
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
zip xxx.zip file | Compression – zip package |
zip -r xxx.zip file1 file2 dir1 | Multiple files + The catalogue is pressed into zip package |
unzip xxx.zip | decompression zip package |
tar -cvf xxx.tar file | Create uncompressed tar package |
tar -cvf xxx.tar file1 file2 dir1 | Multiple files + Catalogue type tar package |
tar -tf xxx.tar | see tar The contents of the package |
tar -xvf xxx.tar | decompression tar package |
tar -xvf xxx.tar -C /dir | take tar Extract the package to the specified directory |
tar -cvfj xxx.tar.bz2 dir | establish bz2 Compressed package |
tar -jxvf xxx.tar.bz2 | decompression bz2 Compressed package |
tar -cvfz xxx.tar.gz dir | establish gzip Compressed package |
tar -zxvf xxx.tar.gz | decompression gzip Compressed package |
bunzip2 xxx.bz2 | decompression bz2 Compressed package |
bzip2 filename | Compressed files |
gunzip xxx.gz | decompression gzip Compressed package |
gzip filename | Compressed files |
gzip -9 filename | Maximum compression |
Then there are some common package manager commands . First, what is a package manager , Everyone should know .
Let me put it this way , If there is no package manager , That’s probably just Linux Software installation on the system , I’m afraid many users will be dissuaded , Because a lot of software dependent processing can drive people crazy . So simply put , We can think of package manager as , Used for Linux Software installation on the system 、 uninstall 、 upgrade 、 Query supported components , So for users , It’s a set of tools and commands .
We usually use the most widely, such as , The bag structure of the red hat RPM Package manager , image RedHat、CentOS When the system is in use , The typical command is rpm command 、yum command ; Then is DPKG Package manager , image Debain、Ubuntu And so on , Typical commands like dpkg command 、apt Software tools .
rpm Package management command
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
rpm -qa | View installed rpm package |
rpm -q pkg_name | Query a rpm package |
rpm -q –whatprovides xxx | Show xxx Which package provides the functionality |
rpm -q –whatrequires xxx | Show xxx Which package does the function depend on |
rpm -q –changelog xxx | Show xxx Record of package changes |
rpm -qi pkg_name | See the details of a package |
rpm -qd pkg_name | Query the documents provided by a package |
rpm -qc pkg_name | View installed rpm The configuration file provided by the package |
rpm -ql pkg_name | Check which files are installed in a package |
rpm -qf filename | Check which package a file belongs to |
rpm -qR pkg_name | Query package dependencies |
rpm -ivh xxx.rpm | install rpm package |
rpm -ivh –test xxx.rpm | Test installation rpm package |
rpm -ivh –nodeps xxx.rpm | install rpm Ignore dependencies when packaging |
rpm -e xxx | Uninstall package |
rpm -Fvh pkg_name | Upgrade to determine the installed rpm package |
rpm -Uvh pkg_name | upgrade rpm package ( If not, it will be installed ) |
rpm -V pkg_name | RPM Package details check |
yum Package management command
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
yum repolist enabled | Show available source repositories |
yum search pkg_name | Search package |
yum install pkg_name | Download and install the package |
yum install –downloadonly pkg_name | Download only and do not install |
yum list | Show all packages |
yum list installed | Check the packages installed on the current system |
yum list updates | See the list of packages that can be updated |
yum check-update | Check out the upgradeable packages |
yum update | Update all packages |
yum update pkg_name | Upgrade the specified package |
yum deplist pkg_name | List package dependencies |
yum remove pkg_name | Remove package |
yum clean all | Clear cache |
yum clean packages | Clear cached packages |
yum clean headers | Clear cached header |
dpkg Package management command
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
dpkg -c xxx.deb | List deb The contents of the package |
dpkg -i xxx.deb | install / to update deb package |
dpkg -r pkg_name | remove deb package |
dpkg -P pkg_name | remove deb package ( Do not keep configuration ) |
dpkg -l | Check that… Is installed in the system deb package |
dpkg -l pkg_name | Show general information about the package |
dpkg -L pkg_name | see deb Package installation files |
dpkg -s pkg_name | View package details |
dpkg –unpack xxx.deb | Untie deb The contents of the package |
apt Software tools
Common commands | effect |
---|---|
apt-cache search pkg_name | Search for packages |
apt-cache show pkg_name | Get an overview of the package |
apt-get install pkg_name | install / Upgrade package |
apt-get purge pkg_name | Uninstall software ( Including configuration ) |
apt-get remove pkg_name | Uninstall software ( Not including configuration ) |
apt-get update | Update package index information |
apt-get upgrade | Update installed packages |
apt-get clean | Clean cache |
Offline documents
In addition to the above , This time, those high-frequency practical Linux The order was given , And made two forms of offline documents , Respectively PDF Format and high definition image format ,PDF It’s easy for the computer to see , High definition pictures are easy to view on your mobile phone , If you have nothing to do, you can take it out and have a look on your mobile phone 、 Have a look .
PDF The document looks like this :
High definition pictures look like this , There are more than a dozen , It contains hundreds of commands :
The document GitHub
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2Coding Included .
after remember
Besides, a lot of efforts have been made recently , The programming learning resources for self use are sorted out .
It’s all pure liver , Directory as follows .
This content GitHub
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2Coding Included , There’s something else in it that I sort out
6 Self study route of big programming direction + The knowledge points are sorted out 、
My resume 、
The interview examination site 、
A few hardcore books pdf note , as well as
My life as a programmer , welcome star.
Sorting is not easy to , Welcome to support , See you next time !